How Can I Get Him to Do His Homework? :: Essays Papers

How Might I Get Him to Do His Homework? The decisions you settle on today decide the decisions you get the chance to make tomorrow. When deciding the most ideal approach to get Student N to finish his schoolwork on a daily premise as opposed to putting it off through and through, I asked about what might get him persuaded rapidly. Understudy N infrequently got his work done thus his evaluations were being influenced. At the point when I previously went to his study hall I quickly saw Student N was amazingly occupied with the exercises and was a functioning member in homeroom conversations, yet when it came to schoolwork there was positively no eagerness. I willingly volunteered to decide the thinking behind Student N’s hostile to enthusiasm for after school work. My exploration was totally discrete and very easygoing. I just needed to discover what shielded Student N from doing any schoolwork and what steps we could take to get his evaluations in the groove again. Schoolwork, for any evaluation or subject is critical. Schoolwork is an approach to carry guardians into the school setting and improve discovering that occurred during the day. Schoolwork is imperative to any understudy as they are fortifying the data they learned for the duration of the day. As a starting educator I feel emphatically about the impacts of schoolwork and don’t feel that it ought to be disregarded by understudies, guardians or even instructors. Albeit an understudy ought to have satisfactory opportunity to go through with loved ones, it is significant that they understand learning doesn’t end when the chime rings for excusal. Writing Review So as to build the measure of schoolwork Student N does an assortment of approaches and methods must be considered before recommending the proper tale. Understudy decision is comprehended to support understudy inspiration along these lines improving parts of their study hall execution. Hess and Cluck found that understudy inspiration could be expanded through various intelligencesâ€and they have an arrangement! â€Å"The absence of inspiration got obvious as saw in fragmented assignments, low-test scores, and lack of engagement in topic. A survey of the writing demonstrated inspiration to learn is an issue across the country. Understudies should act naturally roused since outward rewards might be counter-productive.† (Hess et al.) Both my techniques and thought for this imparticular request originated from Hess and Cluck’s discoveries. Inspiration could be expanded through different insights and in this manner I set off on my examination.

Memo Review Essay

The author realizing the crowd will help with what data to keep or evacuate, regardless of whether the update will be formal or casual, and word decision. Memoradum Review A casual update, regularly, is between two partners for warning of data or to get contribution on various subjects. Andrew Accountant’s update was a casual reminder the partners to acquire data on the stock techniques for LastIn/FirstOut (LIFO) and FirstIn/FirstOut (FIFO). The audit of Andrew’s notice will show what data to utilize or expel and word decision, which both relies upon the writer’s information on the crowd. Repercussions can emerge when there is no information on the crowd. Consideration of Information The data of a notice is significant on the grounds that it tells the crowd the purpose behind composing the reminder. Reminders can have data that doesn't make a difference to the message. For example, Andrew had data about Macy’s winning the experiment against the United States option to utilize LIFO. This data isn't important in light of the fact that it doesn't make a difference to the organization. A notice with data over-burden can make the crowd lose their consideration, and it has the capability of telling the crowd that they have no information regarding the matter. Word Choice â€Å"The words that impart best will be those that intrigue to your specific perusers and empower them effectively to comprehend what you are attempting to say† (Flatley, Lesikar, & Rentz, p. 27, 2008). Word decision is essential to composed correspondence since it passes on the tone and character of the author; the crowd can't see the nonverbal correspondence, which it passes on the feeling and emotions behind verbal correspondence (Beebe & Masterson, p. 144, 2006), in composed correspondence. For instance, Andrew composed expressing the likelihood that the group will suggest LIFO. The announcement passes on the choice of which stock strategy to suggest is made without group conversation. The group could have disarray on group administration and feel their conclusions don't make a difference which can hurt the gathering correspondence. Andrew ought to have begun the announcement with ‘in my opinion’ and afterward the supporting subtleties of his feeling. Language is an uncommon language utilized in a gathering (language, n. d. ). The utilization of bookkeeping terms is essential for Andrew’s casual reminder since it is the language utilized between the group. On the off chance that the notice were to be aimed at an alternate crowd, there ought to be clarifications of the bookkeeping terms, so the crowd can comprehend, or don't utilize the terms. At the point when the crowd can't comprehend the message, they will lose consideration and feel the author was in surge and couldn't have cared less about the message. End Overall, the crowd is significant on the grounds that the crowd has an impact on the language, configuration, and data. The author needs to keep the crowd consideration and ensure the crowd can comprehend the reminder. Composed correspondence can improve or hurt a relationship relying upon how the crowd deciphers the message. To accomplish this, editing and altering is imperative to having a viable update. Elegantly composed notices are a decent method of correspondence and show others with â€Å"respect and benevolent human concern† (Flatley, Lesikar, & Rentz, p. 76, 2008). References Beebe, S. , & Masterson, J. (2006). Imparting in Small Groups: Principles and Practices (eighth ed. ). Recovered from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Flatley, M. E. , Lesikar, R. V. , & Rentz, K. (2008). Business Communication (eleventh ed. ). Recovered from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. language. (n. d. ). The American Heritageâ ® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Recovered February 05, 2013, from Dictionary. com site: http://word reference. reference. com/peruse/language INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM TO: EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT FROM:AFTDEN WHITE & TEAMMATES SUBJECT:LAST IN/FIRST OUT & FIRST IN/FIRST OUT DATE: FEBRUARY 5, 2013 accordingly, to the solicitation of review stock techniques: Last In/First Out and First In/First Out. The group examined and talked about the complexity between the two stock techniques. The decision of Last In/First Out and First In/First Out will impact the benefit and misfortune proclamations. The organization should keep utilizing Last In/First Out if the expenses continue as before, yet we should move to First In/First Out if the costs increment, true to form. The topic of whether the company’s Cost of Goods Sold and inventories cost will increment or reduction with the utilization of the two stock techniques. To our discoveries, the First In/First Out will diminish the estimation of the Cost of Goods Sold and have an expansion estimation of stock. The Last In/First Out will diminish the estimation of Cost of Goods Sold and decline the estimation of stock. To improve the company’s income and overall revenue, the Last In/First Out technique is ideal. With Last In/First Out, we can keep on lessening government and state corporate annual duties. The decrease of corporate personal duties has leaded the organization to all the more likely income and overall revenue. We prescribe proceeding to utilize the Last In/First Out in view of the enhancements it will have on incomes and net revenue. Kindly see the outline as accommodating in settling on the choice of which stock technique to apply to the organization. .

no-record

Another take on pass/no-record This started off being a comment in snivelys entry. Then it branched off, sprouted leaves and thorns and eventually grew legs and started running around out of control, so I figured Id put it in an entry by itself. This is what got me going: Taking advantage of pass/no-record. No. You didnt get an A. You got a P. Just like _________ over there having fun. You got the same grade only he had more fun. I read that statement, it made me cringe, and I decided I dont want that statement to go unchallenged. Its not that its untrue, there are certainly upperclassmen who say that to freshmen. But to me, theres really nothing more embarrassing than people telling other people that they are working too hard. More than not theres some aspect of selfishness and self-validation to that advice. I do it myself sometimes, usually when Im in a terrible mood, and I generally feel bad afterward. I dont want freshmen to think that that kind of talk, that kind of pressure, is OK especially for upperclassmen to exert on freshmen, and that because theyve been there longer they necessarily know better, and you cant just tell them to shove it and mind their own sorry business because theyre older than you. Which, incidentally, is actually exactly what you should do. This is because school is a different thing to different people. Dont assume you know what it means to someone else. Just because those guys are working hard on pass/no-record doesnt mean theyre humorless grade-grubbers, or that they dont know how to have fun, or that 3 weeks into school they dont already have super hot girlfriends. And just because these other guys are not working hard on pass/no-record doesnt necessarily mean theyre wasting their time here, or that you should feel superior to them if you are. Yeah, some of what ends up being said is tongue-in-cheek, but the implications are very real. Truth is, were at MIT, and wed all do better if we could rise above the tired old notion of coolness and likeability somehow being the inverse of how much work you do on weekends. Frankly, some of the coolest people I know, never failed a test here. Never missed a lecture, never skipped a problem set. Failing here and there is ok, when youre getting your footing, its not a requirement by any means. Its not a requirement in order to have friends. Its not a requirement in order to have the college experience. In order to be fun at parties. I always hated that upperclassmen would give bad advice like that. And its ridiculous that its coming from MIT students. What I would recommend? Find out what pass/no-record will be for you. Personally, Ive always believed in grades. Take that however you may. I believe grades arent there just to embarrass you or for you to wear around your head like a crown, grades are a personal measure of achievement when all other measures yield ambiguous results or fail in their objectivity. With some exception, of course, grades often reflect how well youve learned the material in the course. Whether that material is useful to you or stupid and irrelevant and who cares about that class anyway pfffff, well, thats up to you to decide. Thats why its not a judge of character, its simply a measure of achievement. Pass/no-record, in my opinion, isnt an announcement that you shouldnt worry about your grades, its an opportunity for you to figure out what it is that you want to worry about, what you want to get out of this place. Instead of just barrelling ahead blindly on the momentum of high school, whether it was a culture of competition or perfection or a place of familiar but unchallenged values, I think what it does is it gives you some time to think, to try some different approaches, and if you happen to decide that academics is what you will put first, it erases any damage that may have been done. The biggest favor you can do for yourself is to treat pass/no-record as if it did not exist. Blow it off just because you can, and youll have wasted a rare opportunity in life at a trial run. Put your best foot forward and see how you measure up. Find out what works and what doesnt, grow a pair and learn some valuable self-assurance for the years to come. Because, like it or not, confidence matters. Confidence allows your knowledge to find its way into application. Confidence earns you respect among peers. Confidence can be everything. The GIRs that you take on pass/no-record arent freebies. Theyre classes upon which all other classes build. Juniors and seniors have the option to put a class on Pass-Fail, but oftentimes, they dont, because they are trying to avoid incentives to slack off and avoid the regret of a semester bent on learning nothing. Doing this with your foundational classes in physics/math is really not a good idea, unless youre sure youre going into an unrelated field. I never learned 8.022 all that well and its come back to bite me more than once. In the quantum sequence, in astrophysics, in cosmology, in engineering, even, and thats why Im taking 8.07 now. Freshmen. Ask yourselves this: how seriously do I want to take my academics for the next 4 years? How much do I want to learn? What would I give up in order to achieve that goal? Look, these arent rhetorical questions, these are really important questions that need need need answers. Especially that last one. Everywhere you look, at MIT, are people whove answered that question differently. There were kids in my quantum class that would spend 12 hours extra hours just figuring out all possible ways of solving a problem. Youll meet people like that, and youll be amazed at just how much of a difference that kind of commitment makes. Being next to those people made me realize that when I made the initial choice of this is what I am willing to give up, that wasnt a part of the picture. That was beyond what I was willing to sacrifice. And yeah, that meant that I will not be able to match their level of mastery of the subject until Ive changed my priorities. And thats something I have to li ve with. Of course, more doesnt always mean better. For some subjects, subjects that arent pure science, academics is really only just an obstacle. Its a crappy way to learn a set of skills that will eventually go toward a trade and a career. Mostly, I hear this from engineers, consultants. If you are getting more out of work experience than academics, by all means recast your priorities. But dont let peer pressure be a part of that change. These people will be your suitemates, roommates, for a few years, and then theyll be gone; but what you pick up here, where you end up taking it well, thats entirely up to you.

Essay on Conflicts in Sudan Genocide in Darfur - 1547 Words

The Republic of Sudan, or Sudan as it more commonly known, is currently in a state of crisis. Darfur, in western Sudan, is in the middle of the worst humanitarian crisis in the world right now. They are on the brink of genocide, the deliberate killing of a very large number of people from a particular ethnic group or background. Like Most civil wars the incidents have been occurring for over twenty years. The armed conflict began to get serious in February of 2003. It was then that the Sudanese government in cohorts with the Janjaweed militia engaged in civil strife with two rebel groups. The first of the rebel groups involved being the Liberation Movement Army/Movement (SLM/A), the second the Justice Equality Movement (JEW). The†¦show more content†¦The Sudan government has stated that any barbaric and inhumane acts in Darfur have been at the hands of the Janjaweed militia as a result of ethnic clashes. Their position contradicts with what Musa Hilal, a Janjaweed commande r, told a human rights activist on September 27, 2004 during an interview. He stated that all militia activity was not only government directed but government backed as well. Hilal claimed that all of the orders that he himself and his people carried out were from a field commander in the West. The main overlying command that he has received and passed along to his subordinated is to mobilize the people. According to him he has no idea who is responsible for the mass killings and raids. This seems ludicrous being as he has complete control over the entire region and its happenings. His position is a contradiction to eye witness accounts that place him in military uniform celebrating after a citizen attack. The Sudanese justice system has been ignoring the individuals responsible for the attacks and the crimes against humanity. In June of 2005 the International Criminal Court (ICC) opened their investigation from outside of Darfur of the situation there. The Prosecutor has not been b abe to gain access to Darfur to further conduct the investigation. This is in part a result of the Sudanese governments refusal to cooperate with the ICC on the grounds that it will deal with the prosecution of any of the individuals involve itself.Show MoreRelatedThe Conflict Of The United States855 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of genocide must of recently changed without many individuals being aware, unless the current ongoing pertinent issue did not want to be addressed in the twenty-first century. In the largest country in Africa, it is unimaginable that a genocide conducted by their government continues while the rest of the world does nothing. The largest country in Africa is Sudan, which is located on the northeastern side of Africa. The western region of Sudan is the primary focus, Darfur. This regionRead MoreMass Murder in Sudan852 Words   |  3 Pagesargue to what extent the mass murder in Sudan can be considered a genocide or a civil war. Resources will be referred to in order to support the argument and counter-argument. The situation in Dufar, Sudan will be expanded on, so that the reader is informed and educated as to weather the situation that is happening in Darfur is a genocide in contrast to a civil war. A Civil war is defined as a conflict between two parties within the same country. Genocide is defined as a deliberate and systematicRead MoreThe Conflict in Darfur and United States Involvement877 Words   |  4 PagesThe conflict in Darfur refers to the fighting that is happening in the western region of Sudan known as Darfur. These fights have been taking place since 2003 and have continued to today. Similarities can be made to the Rwandan Genocide; there is a government funded and armed militia that is not officially supported by the government that is killing a local population. The citizens of the region of Darfur that are being killed are not Arabic, like the majority of the rest of Sudan is, however, theyRead MoreGenocide in Darfur Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent times, the media has highlighted the genocide that has been occurring in Darfur, Sudan. Darfur, Sudan is a country roughly the size of the state of Texas (Darfur Scores, n.d.). Genocide is the systematic k illing of an entire ethnic group of people from a national, ethnic, or religious group, or an attempt to do away with them all (Darfur Scores, n.d.). Beginning around 2003, according to Darfur Scores (n.d.), â€Å"the Sudanese government in Khartoum and the government-sponsored Janjaweed militiaRead MoreGenocide in Darfur Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesHolocaust of Today: Genocide in Darfur By definition, genocide is â€Å"the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group.† According to Eric Reeves, writer for the Sudan Tribune, genocide â€Å"encompasses not only the killing of members of a national, ethical, racial, or religious group, as such, but also deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or part.† Whatever genocide may be definedRead MoreDarfur Conflict Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 23rd, 2013 The Darfur Conflict The government of Sudan, a country in Northeast Africa, is committing a horrendous crime against humanity. Genocide is raging on in Western Sudan against poor, helpless, innocent people. It is actually the ten year â€Å"anniversary† since the beginning of the Darfur conflict and the genocide still continues on. There are over 1.4 million people who still do not have homes to come back to, and the numbers stack higher every day. Bombings have not stopped, as thereRead MoreWhat Caused the Darfur Genocide? Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagesrebel movements- the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement took up arms against the Sudanese Government, accusing the failure to protect sedentary people from attacks by nomads and the marginalization of the area in Darfur. Darfur is a region in the western part of Sudan, where it is home to 6 million people from around 100 tribes. In response to the attack, the Janjaweed, which is the government-supported Arab tribesma n, raided non-Arab villages in Darfur to create a Pan-ArabRead MoreEssay about Darfurs Turning Point or Not1174 Words   |  5 PagesEvil can come in many different forms. Desmond Tutu claims this to be as he once said, â€Å"When people think of the sort of things that happen when genocide happens, its again not people who are intrinsically evil.† This quote by Desmond Tutu is a definition of evil because not everybody was born being evil it depends on a persons real nature. When many people think of evil they think of the people that they do not like or do not care for. Without people being evil are world would not be as it is todayRead MoreSudanese Government And State Sponsored Militia Carried Out The Darfur1641 Words   |  7 Pages Darfur is located in the western region of Sudan, adjacent to Chad and Central Africa. In early 2004, the Sudanese government and state sponsored militia carried out the Darfur genocide. The targets of the genocide were black African tribes. The genocide in Darfur has claimed approximately 300,000 lives and displaced over 3 million people. In response to these mass atrocities the international community took action, but many were dissatisfied with what seemed to be a lack of effort. Of the groupsRead MoreThe Genocide Still Going on in Darfur, Sudan Essay examples1048 Words   |  5 PagesNot everybody believes in genocides, other may have a different opinion or thoughts. Sometimes people don’t realize its genocide because they believe in what they are doing and they think there is no harm done because it’s not affecting them. To be taken away from your family, to go live somewhere else or to be killed can have a huge impact on your life. Genocides play a huge role i n the world; it has and will affect many people. In Darfur there is a genocide going on, it has been going on for a

Ethical Banking And Customer Satisfaction A Comparison...

Ethical Banking and Customer Satisfaction: A Comparison Between Bankmecu and Commonwealth Bank of Australia CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 4 2.2. ETHICAL BANKING IN AUSTRALIA 4 2.3. THE RADICAL AFFINITY INDEX 4 2.4. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION 5 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 5 3.1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 5 3.2 SAMPLE AND PROCEDURE 6 3.3 DATA COLLECTION 8 3.4 PILOT STUDY 8 3.5 DATA ANALYSIS 10 3.5.1 Data Reduction 10 3.5.2 Data Display 10 3.5.3 Conclusion drawing 10 3.6 POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS AND DIFFICULTIES 11 4. CONCLUSION 11 A. BIBLIOGRAPHY 12 B. APPENDIX 15 APPENDIX 1: RAI COMPUTATION 15 C. PROJECT TIMELINE 17 1. INTRODUCTION It is widely believed that financial†¦show more content†¦Since then, the idea of socially responsible banking has grown commonplace in the financial markets, as a result of increasing social awareness and regulatory pressures (Scholtens, 2008). In light of the growing emphasis for banks to operate more ethically, this paper seeks to examine consumer responses to such initiatives in Australian banks with particular reference to Bankmecu and Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA). There have been much past research done on addressing ethics in banking and consumer satisfaction (Frye, 1997; de Clerck, 2009; Anderson Sullivan, 1993), but few analysed the effects of ethical bank practices on customer satisfaction specifically, and whether these two hold a positive relationship. In exploring this, I hope to contribute to the aforementioned gaps in existing literature. This paper begins with a review of relevant literature on the theoretical background. Next, the research methodol ogy will be elaborated on, explaining data collection and analysis process. Finally, the paper will be concluded with a summary addressing implications and limitations. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Traditionally, markets have been established around the notion of being ‘company-centric’ (Prahalad and Ramaswamy, 2004). In the 19th century, with the emergence of the New Economy, values and ethics brought about the rise of a modern consumer culture (Senge, P.M. and Carstedt, G., 2001;

Alternative Method for Onsite Sewage Disposal Free Essays

string(88) " at which the wastewater is to be passed should be determined by the soil permeability\." WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN Term Paper 1 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR ONSITE SEWAGE DISPOSAL (29 Pages) March 2nd, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION3 2. INFORMATION4 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Method for Onsite Sewage Disposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Soil Absorption System in a septic tank4 3. 2 Soil Failures6 3. 3 Soils7 3. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR ONSITE TREATMENTS 8 AND SYSTEMS OF DISPOSALS 4. 4 Alternative method for soil treatment and disposal systems8 4. 5 Alternative treatment devices13 4. 6 In-house alteration of wastewater16 4. REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE ONSITE SYSTEMS21 5. CONCLUSION22 6. 7 Funding of existing state onsite programs22 6. Operation and maintenance22 6. 9 Failing systems23 6. 10 Water Conservation24 References25 List of Figures26 1. 0 INTRODCUTION Nearly 30% of the homes in the United States of America depend on onsite wastewater treatment and disposal. This percentage remained constant for the last two decades and is also estimated to be constant in the coming future. It is estimated that up to one half of the septic tanks do not perform perfectly or may even fail even before their expected life. The risk of contamination of ground water and surface water quality increases with the failing of an onsite s ystem. These result in degradation of water quality, health hazards, outbreak of diseases and lowered property values. Nationally septic tank leachate is the most frequently reported cause for the contamination of the ground water and consumption of contaminated ground water is responsible for over 50% of all reported outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Lack of affordable and effective onsite sewage disposal is a national issue. Less than 35% of the land in the United States of America is suitable for conventional septic tank soil absorption systems. These limitations and requirements have resulted in developing many alternatives for onsite technologies. This study discusses recent research on alternative onsite technologies. 2. INFORMATION 2. 1 Soil Absorption System in a Septic Tank The soil absorption system in a septic tank is one of the most common treatment systems onsite. This soil absorption system consists of a septic tank, a water tight container which is usually large, and a field of soil absorption. It also contains a series of perforated pipes that are buried in the soil. This system performs two functions, the treatment of wastewater and the disposal. The septic tank provides biological treatment by removing large solids and greases. Further treatment followed by the final disposal is provided by the soil absorption field. A septic tank is made up of a large container which is water tight (usually 1000gal). This container is generally buried slightly below the ground and also adjacent to the building to which it is serving. The greases and fats are collected in a layer on the upper liquid surface whereas the solids settle to the bottom of the tank. For the liquid to be discharged from the layers between the solids and the scum, an outlet is constructed in the septic tank. For approximately every three years, the solids and scum are pumped from the tank. The treatment or stabilization of contaminants in the wastewater are treated by anaerobic microorganisms. This process occurs in the absence of O2. The soil absorption field consists of a series of pipes. These pipes are placed in trenches which are usually 2 to 3 feet wide and 2 to 4 feet deep. These pipes are perforated. The pipes are placed in Gravel and it is covered with top soil. The effluent from the septic tank first flows down to the pipes, then out of the perforations and finally is absorbed by the adjacent soil. The microorganisms in the soil below the trenches absorb and treat the organic material in the effluent. This treated water percolates into ground water or may also evaporate. 2. 2 FAILURES The main causes for the failure of the system are * The water table being very high. * The surrounding soil being impermeable. * Improper Construction * Lacking in maintenance of the tank. The failed system can usually be defined as * When sewage effluent is collected on the surface of the ground. * When the wastewater is no longer being evacuated by the toilets or drainage systems. Main Causes for these types of Failures * Clogging of the Soil under the system * The rising of the water table to very close of the distribution trenches. * The soil being impermeable. The Clogging of the soil is being considered as the unavoidable occurrence for a soil absorption system over a period. The design of the system, the maintenance of the tank, and the characteristics and amount of wastewater being treated greatly influence the rate of clogging. The immediate clogging of the soil is also occurred when proper pumping of the septic tank is neglected. If the soil under the field of soil absorption is too permeable, even then the system failures occur. If this happens then the effluent directly enters the ground water without proper treatment in the soil. In this case it becomes more difficult to identify, as there are no problems that can be found out or noticed in the disposal system. A sample of ground water may be taken to detect such failures. 2. 3 SOILS The ultimate disposal of the liquid part of the wastes treatment process depends mainly on soil for all onsite systems. The soil also provides the ultimate treatment in most of the onsite systems. The wastewater is made free of contaminant particles when the contaminants pass through soil by contact with the aerobic microorganisms and also absorption to soil particles. The pathogens and contaminants are completely removed from the wastewater if it travels slowly through 2 to 4 feet of unsaturated soil. If at all the wastewater is travelled quickly the treatment is not done completely and resulting in the contamination of the underground water. Even if the wastewater travels too slowly the saturation of the soil takes place aerobic treatment will also not take place. The time at which the wastewater is to be passed should be determined by the soil permeability. You read "Alternative Method for Onsite Sewage Disposal" in category "Essay examples" It is mainly affected by texture and structure of the soil. The texture of the soil means the physical nature of the soil with respect to portions of sand, silt and clay. The travelling of the water depends on the particle size of the soil. It travels quickly through the coarse soil and slowly in clayey soils. Soils whose structure is stable will allow more water to pass through than that of those soils whose structure is unstable. The kind of soil absorption system that has to be determined is mainly based on the characteristics of the soil. 3. 0 ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR ONSITE TREATMENTS AND SYSTEMS OF DISPOSALS The conventional septic tank absorption system is used in less than 35% of the land in the United States of America. There are some areas that are not suitable for the conventional absorption system because of the soil. For the past several years alternative methods to the conventional method of absorption system have been provided to develop effective sewage treatment to those soils which were formerly not suitable. Most of the alternative methods are still in the experimental stage. This chapter describes the ongoing status of the research being carried out on a number of alternative methods to the conventional septic tank-soil absorption system. The alternative systems for the soil absorption system are divided into three groups * Alternative method for soil treatment and disposal systems * Alternative treatment devices * Alteration of wastewater in-house 3. 1 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR SOIL TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS The main factor in identifying the onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems is the soil. For this reason, the research has been primarily focused mainly on developing alternative soil absorption methods. Five alternatives to the standard soil absorption field are described here. Of which three of them are the alternative methods of distributing effluent to standard soil absorption field, a mound or fill system, and an evapotranspiration system. Soil Clogging over time is an unavoidable occurrence for soil absorption systems. This problem is caused by the manner in which effluent Is delivered to the system. The flows occur to a soil absorption field when the effluent is displaced from a septic tank by a water use event in the household. Such low volumes and irregular waste utilize only a small portion of the disposal trench area on all times. These cause clogging, progressive creeping failure and localized overloading. The following figure illustrates how the progressive failure reaches a state of equilibrium along the entire absorption field with respect to the time. To provide more uniform application of effluent over the complete trench area two systems have been developed. The two systems are Dosing system and Pressure Distribution systems. DOSING SYSTEMS The dosing systems are present in the dosing tank. These dosing systems store the pretreated effluent and apply large doses to the soil absorption field by gravity, siphon or pump at regular intervals of time. The surface of the soil is returned to an unsaturated condition by allowing the system to drain. The soil type determines the frequency of dosing. It usually ranges from one to four doses per day. EALUATION: The specific cause for soil clogging is not well understood, and some question still exists whether dosing is effective or not. Clogging still occurs in dosing systems as well as standard systems. More research and careful tracking of installed systems is necessary. An additional dosing chamber and pump adds up to approximately $880 to $1000 to the price of the standard system. REGULATORY STATUS: Washington State Guidelines for dosing systems have been issued. There are 57 systems on the state inventory. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Pressure distribution systems like the dosing system store pretreated effluent for periodic distribution to the soil absorption field. Diameters of small radius are used to pump the effluent over the entire absorption field. The pressure distribution system provides the most uniform distribution. Such accurate distribution avoids the localized overloading problems. The additional benefit of dosing are also achieved with the Pressure Distribution system. EVALUATION: The Pressure distribution systems are mostly suitable for permeable and coarse textured soils. This is because they improve the potential for treatment by the distribution of the effluent evenly over the entire absorption field and reduce the potential for direct bypass of effluent to the ground water. The installation cost, operational cost and the maintenance cost are much more in a pressure distribution system when compared with the gravity system. This is because of the additional cost of the dosing chamber and pumps which approximately adds to $800 to $1000 to the price of a standard system. The cost of installation of the absorption field is similar to that of the standard field. It is obvious that these systems result in the most effective treatment in coarse textured soils, but it is not clear whether or not the life of the absorption field is long lasted in fine grained soils. REGULATORY STATUS: Washington State Guidelines for pressure distribution Systems have been issued (revised SEPT 1984). There are a total of 52 systems on the state inventory. ALTERNATING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS The effluent is not stored by the alternating distribution systems. Instead the disposing of the pretreated effluent is carried out between two separate absorption fields. These absorption fields are constructed in close proximity and the fields are usually alternated annually. This allows the unused field to drain and aerobic decomposition of clogging mat to take place. The residential systems are generally constructed with two equal fields each containing 75% to 100% of the required surface area. EVALUATION: Washington alternative system guidelines require each component field to contain 100% of the area required for a single field. In a conventional system it is also required that the soil meet its standards. Hence the installation cost is more and the benefit received is the increased life time of the absorption field. REGULATORY STATUS: Washington state guidelines have been issued. There are two systems on the state inventory. MOUND OR FILL SYSTEMS This is a pressure distribution system installed in a mound constructed on top of the natural soil. Such systems are used when the GWL is too close to the surface or when the soil is not permeable enough or is too permeable. This mound is constructed of a coarse grained material usually sand through which the pretreated effluent travels before it reaches the original surface of the soil. Vegetable cover and top soil are used to cover the mound. Usually the soil absorption field is constructed below the top soil. The mound system is placed on the top of the top soil layer and thus gains the additional benefit of this soil layer for the treatment. The treated effluent is dispersed over laterally through the top soil until it is absorbed into the sub soil. EVALUATION: These mound systems have emerged as an effective alternative for sites whose soils are unsuitable. Anyhow construction of a mound requires the transportation of large amounts of new soil to the site and the mound must be carefully designed and constructed properly in order to see that no problem occurs in the future. The design and installation cost of the mound system can cost between $4000to$8000. Therefore this the last option for installation. REGULATORY STATUS: Final state guidelines have been issued for the mound systems and there are 257 systems on the state inventory. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION BEDS The evapotranspiration beds discharge the wastes into the air instead of the soil. The use of such beds is not allowed in those areas where the annual evaporation is more than the annual precipitation. These beds are lined with water tight materials such as plastic, filled with crushed rock and sand, and again covered with top soil. Perforated pipe lines are used distribute pretreated effluents to the bed as in the conventional absorption system. EVALUATION: Testing of 17systems took place in Easter Oregon and that revealed out poor performance. All but one of the systems developed holes in the linear. They allowed the untreated effluent to enter the ground water. REGULATORY STATUS: An experimental system permit would be required for installation of the evapotranspiration beds. 3. 2 ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT DEVICES The focus has mainly been on the disposal systems in an onsite research in the USA. However there has been some interest in reducing the clogging of soil absorption fields. This has led to in improving the quality or purity of the effluent from treatment devices. If the purity of the effluent is improved then the clogging in coarse unstructured soils is reduced. There are 2 devices in the pretreatment of wastewater, the septic tank and the aerobic tank. To provide an extra treatment to the effluents from septic tank and aerobic tank several technologies have been developed. Some of the devices are capable enough to produce the effluent suitable for surface discharge. However the surface discharge is not allowed in all states and so these types of systems can be utilized to improve the performance of the soil absorption field. AEROBIC TANKS An aerobic tank is a watertight container which runs on the mechanism where the wastewater comes in contact with air. The decomposition of waste products takes place when they are in contact with the air. The separation of the solids and greases take place and the liquid waste is discharged into a disposal system. The solids must be pumped from the final chamber regularly. Aerobic tanks can reduce the BOD by 85% to 98% under ideal conditions and also reduce the Suspended Solids by 40% to 80%. A septic tank reduces BOD by 25% to 65% and suspended solids by 40% to 80%. EVALUATION: Aerobic treatment devices are sensitive to any changes in the quantity of wastewater or the characteristics of the wastewater they are treating. In normal conditions, the effluent has not been shown to be of a higher purity than the septic tank effluent and the purity of the septic tank changes vastly with time. These are mechanical devices which require skilled men to operate it and also to maintain it. Since the aerobic tanks need regular inspections and frequent maintenances, they are best suited for conditions where the management is done by Wastewater Management District or utility. REGULATORY STATUS: Final state guidelines were issued in 1975 for the aerobic devices. No systems are illustrated on the state inventory. ANAEROBIC FILTERS These filters are mainly designed to provide secondary treatment to septic tank effluent before they discharge to a soil absorption system. The filter is a water tight container which is filled with crushed rock or other soil type which will support microbial growth. Effluent is treated when it comes in contact with anaerobic organisms on the surfaces of the anaerobic filters. EVALUATION: Development is still in the experimental stage for small residential systems. It is reported that anaerobic filters can reduce the BOD of septic tank effluent by 30% to 80% and can further reduce fecal coliform by 43% to 95%. No additional source of energy is required and the maintenance cost is almost similar to that for a septic tank. Cost Estimations are not available. More research and field tests are needed. REFULATORY STATUS: No state guidelines are there for anaerobic filters and an experimental system permit would be required. SAND FILTERS Many sand filter designs have been installed on an experimental basis for residential onsite use. Sand filters operate by directing pretreated effluent into or onto a layer of sand allowing it to drain through the sand where aerobic decomposition of the wastewater takes place and collecting the filtrate in a perforated pipe at the bottom of the filter. Filters may be constructed either above or below the ground. The systems that are constructed below the ground can be contained in a water tight vault or can also be uncontained in direct contact with the surrounding soil. Some filters send back part of the filtrate through the filter for further treatment. The liquid filtrate is ultimately disposed of in a soil absorption field. Sand filters are capable of producing very high quality of effluent with reported BOD and SS reductions of 99% and 97%, respectively. EVALUATION: The Oregon Department of Environmental quality has conducted extensive research into the use of sand filters for residential use. Their research has shown good success at improving the ability of soils to accept and treat effluent on sites with soils that are not acceptable for the conventional systems. In cases where the soil conditions are very poor, an installation of sand filter is made to treat the effluent coming out of the septic tank before the disposal in the mound system. However this system might cost up to $1000. REGULATORY STATUS: Washington State interim guidelines for sand filters have been issued and are currently being revised. 3. 3 IN-HOUSE ALTERATION OF WASTEWATER The main factors that are taken into consideration when designing onsite treatment and disposal systems are the quantity and quality of the wastewater being treated. These factors also have an important effect on the long term performance of those systems. Wastewater is created and its characteristics are determined by the water use habits of the residents belonging to the household. The quality of the wastewater is also influenced by the water use habits of the residents. One technique of altering the waste stream is one technique considered to permit onsite treatment and disposal on sites with less suitable soils. HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS Household wastewater characteristics vary widely with the time of day and the season. Wastewater from residential houses is affected by high utilization of water like the day of wash, holidays and guests and periods of no flow in times of vacations. Below are given the values of average residential wastewater. Typical household wastewater is 99. 9% water by weight, and 0. 02% to 0. 03% suspended solids, plus minor amounts of other soluble and insoluble organic and inorganic substances. Wastewater also contains bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms from the digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin. Some of the physical and chemical characteristics of wastewater produced by various activities are listed below. TABLE 3. 1 HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER – PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ACTIVITY| BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND| SUSPENDED SOILS| Kitchen activities| 42%| 27%| Bathing and showering| 6. %| 6. 8%| Clothes washing| 29. 9%| 31. 3%| Toilet Flushing| 21. 8%| 35. 8%| TOTAL| 100%| 100%| WASTE SEGREGATION Toilet flushes or black wastes contribute approximately 35% of the water, 36% of the suspended solids, and 68% of the total nitrogen to the household waste stream. The volume and pollutant load of remaining water which is called grey water is reduced if the toilet wastes are treated sep arately without using water. VAULT PRIVIES Vault privies and holding tank systems store the waste products from toilet in a storage vessel which is water tight and is pumped out periodically? EVALUATION: The storage systems are generally used to correct a temporarily correct a failing system but not always applicable to residential uses. REGULATORY STATUS: Washington state guidelines have been issued and the use is restricted to non-residential applications. INCINERATING TOILETS The use of natural gas and electricity is made to incinerate toilet wastes in the incinerating toilets. In these toilets the solids are reduced to ash and the liquids are evaporated and vented to the outside. Later the ash is disposed of at regular intervals of time. EVALUATION: Incinerating systems consume energy either from electricity or from natural gas and should go through a fifteen minutes treatment cycle after every use. Five to Six units installed in Kentucky in the early 1970s had been abandoned by 1978 because of high operation costs, associated doors and frequent problems of repairs. REGULATORY STATUS: Washington state interim guidelines for incinerating toilets were issued. BIOLOGICAL TOILETS Biological toilets treat human wastes by composting. Composting takes place under specific conditions of temperature, moisture, exposure to Oxygen and the availability of carbon and nitrogen. This process of composting usually results in a relatively dry end product which is free from harmful components. This end product is intended for disposal as a soil additive. To assure successful treatment of wastes, proper maintenance of design and operation of composting toilets within the composting chamber. There are two common designs used, (1) small units where the entire unit is on the floor in the toilet room and (2) large toilets where the composting unit is below the floor. EVALUATION: Even though they have been in use for many years, the design of composting or biological toilets is still evolving. Field testing in the United States of America has resulted in some problems. Two studies sponsored by U. S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and conducted in California and Oregon report generally poor performance including certain problems like excess buildup of liquid, problems caused by insects and rodents, structural failures and incomplete treatment of wastes. For certain units to operate efficiently an added heat and forced ventilation are required. REGULATORY STATUS: No existing regulations in the state of Ohio. GREYWATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL Grey water contains concentrations of organic materials, solids, nutrients and fecal bacteria which require treatment to that of the total household wastewater. A significant amount of wastewater created can be reduced by segregating the waste. EVALUATION: Even though the conventional treatment and disposal methods are required, the segregation of black wastes allows the size of the system to be reduced significantly. Septic tank size can be reduced by 50% and the capacity of the soil absorption field can be reduced by 40%. REGULATORY STATUS: Guidelines for grey water treatment are included in the state regulations. . REGULATION OF ALTERNATIVE ONSITE SYSTEMS To prevent the spread of diseases, the need for regulation of onsite sewage disposal became necessary. However specific construction requirements are many times difficult to justify in terms of preventing the spread of diseases. This difficulty led to vast differences in policy and allowed regulations to be influenced by politica l purposes as well as public health purposes. A national survey of existing state codes in 1947 found considerable variation in requirements for onsite sewage disposal systems (Weibel, 1947, in Kreissl, 1982a). These findings prompted the U. S. Public Health Service to become involved, and in 1957 they published the Manual of Septic-Tank Practice. A survey of all the states was conducted in 1971 and showed that most state codes had incorporated the recommendations of the manual (Patterson, 1971, in Kreissl, 1984). Since that time, states have been revising their codes in response to local experience and new research. In 1980 the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency published a Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal. Newer or â€Å"alternative† onsite treatment technologies are more complex than that of the conventional systems and incorporate pumps, recirculation piping, aeration, and other features (e. g. , greater generation of residuals) that require ongoing or periodic monitoring and maintenance. However, the current management programs of most of the jurisdictions do not typically oversee routine operation and maintenance activities or detect and respond to changes in wastewater loads that can overwhelm a system. In addition, in many cases onsite system planning and siting functions are not linked to larger ground water and watershed protection programs. The challenge for onsite treatment regulators in the new millennium will be to improve traditional health based programs for ground water and surface water protection while embracing a vigorous role in protecting and restoring the nation’s watersheds. 5. CONCLUSION There are important problems not addressed by existing regulations 5. 1 Funding of Existing State Onsite Programs The Department of Social and Health Services currently has 1. 8 staff statewide for the entire onsite program. Department officials estimate that 4 to 5 full time staff would be required to adequately perform the state’s duties (Lenning, 1987). . 2 Operation and Maintenance The U. S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems (1980) suggests that there are three distinct phases in the life of onsite systems that required to be controlled. * Installation * Operation * Maintenance The above phases of installation, operational cost and mai ntenance cost cause problems that may result in system failures that threaten public health or damage the environment. Guidelines for alternative and experimental systems require some monitoring of operation as mentioned in Section 4. 2. The difference between using an onsite system and being connected to a municipal sewer is usually not known to the home owners. Careful operation and careful maintenance is required for an onsite system to function properly. For example, there might be a serious effect on the operation of an onsite system with the use of garbage grinders or excessive water volumes (Refer Chapter 3. 3). An important maintenance function for most of the systems is pumping of septic tank. If this is not done properly it may result in the rapid failure of the soil treatment and disposal system (Refer Chapter 2. 2). Special operation and maintenance requirements are present in most alternative systems so that they can function properly. As of now there are no statewide requirements for operation and maintenance of conventional or alternative onsite systems. There are two possibilities to control the onsite system operation and maintenance. * Regular Inspection and documentation of maintenance * Community or regional wastewater management districts REGULAR INSPECTION AND DOCUMENTATION OF MAINTENANCE To adequately protect public health and the environment regular maintenance of the onsite wastewater systems is required. In some areas, the local governments require the property owners to provide local health authorities with evidence that their wastewater system is being operated and maintained properly. Inspections are conducted by health officials or licensed individuals, such as plumbers who are well trained and also are certified to carry out inspections. COMMUNITY OR REGIONAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS In the previous days onsite wastewater systems were considered temporary solutions until one of the areas were sewered. From then they have become an important wastewater treatment practice for many areas. The induced and often dramatic growth can be reduced with onsite system in low density areas. With the help of an onsite system the high costs for the construction of the traditional centralized sewer and treatment systems can also be reduced. The degradation of the ground water and the environment can be avoided if the management district sees that the maintenance of the onsite systems within the district is functioning properly or not. In some states wastewater management districts have been formed using a combination of alternative including individual and communal systems. . 3 FAILING SYSTEMS The repairs are usually difficult when a system fails because of its high repairing cost. The health officials find it difficult in the issues of failing systems. They are difficult to detect the cause of the failure and are even more difficult rectify the defect or to repair it. There are two regulatory problems, related to alternate systems that arise when a system fails. * If there is not enough land to construct an approved replacement system then a failing system may be located on this lot. If there is flexibility in the guidelines for the application of an alternative system or replacement systems, then this could allow people to improve their wastewater treatment system even if they are not able to meet all applications. * The Property owner not being able to afford the cost of an approved replacement system Some funding assistance is required to help low income householders to rectify the onsite system deficiencies. For example if the failing system is located on soil that is not suitable for a conventional system, an alternative system may be required. The installation cost and operational cost are very high for alternative systems. 5. 4 WATER CONSERVATION The advantages of water conservation on the treatment of soil and disposal systems are described in section 3. 3. Some of the advantages of water conservation are. * The performance of soil absorption system is increased. * Savings in energy costs * Potential for correcting a system which is failing Several applications for water conservation to regulate to onsite regulations are: * Regulations allow for soil-absorption field sizes to be decreased when it can be shown that low water use fixtures require a decrease. However some officials might be hesitant to permit the decreases in soil absorption field size fearing that the occupants in future might install non efficient fixtures and cause the system to fail. * Water conservation can be a cost effective method for correcting the failures of the system (Refer section 3. 3). There are currently no state guidelines for the application of this method. * Some states like Oregon and California have enacted a legislation which requires the installation of some water efficient fixtures in new construction (Puget Sound Water Quality, 1986). REFERENCES 1. Metcalf and Eddy (2002) Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York 2. Syed R Qasim, Wastewater Treatment Plants- Planning, Design and Operation, Second Edition. 3. Wikipedia www. wikipedia. org 4. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) FIGURES 1. Typical Septic Tank – Soil Absorption System 2. Septic Tank (Adapted from Environmental Protection Agency, 1980) 3. Soil Absorption Field Cross Section 4. Typical Dosing Chamber with Pump 5. Mound System 6. Aerobic Treatment Unit (Aerobic Tank) 7. Sand Filter 8. Biological Toilets How to cite Alternative Method for Onsite Sewage Disposal, Essay examples

Competency Demonstration Report Conducting Project

Question: Describe about the Competency Demonstration Report for Conducting Project. Answer: Project Background Characteristics of the Project The project was based on developing a system for parking of cars which would be suitable and practical for Indian society. As we know that there are already some systems which are using technologies such as multi floor parking system and automated parking area system. However, these systems are little bit impractical in context to Indian society as these systems result in extra consumptions of money and power. For this purpose, the aim of our project was to build a Smart Parking System for cars that would be a cheap and less expensive system for parking and simple construction as well. In order to achieve this goal, I took the responsibility of selecting the key elements of the project, such as motor (200 Rpm), transformer (12 KV), shaft, capacitor, wheels, diode and springs . Objectives Developed for the Project For this particular project, we had formulated the following objectives: To design an Automatic Hand Brake System as an industrial project that meets the specified requirements efficiently To carry out all the essential mechanical engineering activities in order to apply and utilize the necessary components, perform proper evaluation to check how much the brake work efficiently To research a solution for car braking problem at congested place by means of developing and experimenting with an automatic hand brake system. My Area of Work In this particular project, I performed as a team member for designing the smart hand braking system. I specifically took the responsibility of taking an inventory of all the essential mechanical components and doing a basic mechanical component evaluation, so as to get a good idea to begin with the project. I made the list of the key components required as well as identified the key features to be implemented in the proposed design. I proposed the idea of using a motor with breaking system for the operation of automatic brake mechanism. Project Group My Responsibilities in the Project In this project, I had performed the following duties and responsibilities: I designed the basic sketch of the block diagram of the proposed automatic hand brake system I understood and applied the primary working principle behind the function of the proposed system I defined the role of the sensor in the main implementation mechanism of the machine I developed the documentation and presentation report on our venture that is to be presented to our project guide and mentors I designed the 3D (three dimensional) diagram of the braking machine using CAD tools I identified the required characteristics of the major components including the rack and pinion setup, 12V DC motor, relay, microcontroller and IR sensors Distinctive Activity Comprehending the Theory of the Project As we know that hand braking is not occur automatically. There are also some technologies regarding braking of cars like Hand braking and Disc braking. We believe that in a country like us where we do not have as much efficient equipment that we use in car, so we require an accurate and reliable system. The main purpose of this project was to develop a system which is simple in operation and cheap but at the same time efficient and reliable. For this purpose, we implemented two motors on brake with 200 rpm each and one motor of 500 rpm for running front wheel and the brake is applied is the ignition goes off. Engineering Knowledge and Skills Applied in the Project I used a simple D.C motor of speed 200 rpm is used for the rotation of pinion in the Rack and pinion arrangement and two motor for braking system. Apart from that, I ensured that the rack and pinion arrangement is used for converting rotational motion of motor spindle into translational motion the connecting shaft (Wooden shaft). I selected the rack length to be 70 mm and the breadth to be 5 mm. In addition to that, I identified that the pinion diameter should be 6 mm thickness should be 5 mm. Furthermore, we unanimously decided to use the rack and pinion assembly cover made of aluminum of 18 x 25 mm dimension. Additionally, we gathered the other parts of the assembly that are the moving centre tube and outer casing tube. I specifically undertook the responsibility of designing and developing the basic block diagram of the automatic hand brake system, which is depicted in the figure below: Figure 1: Block Diagram of Automatic Hand Brake System Accomplishment and Task Performed I studied and worked on successfully achieving the fundamental working procedure by implementing the sensor that is aimed to provide the sensing direction to the braking system. I collaborated with my teammates to work on implementing the rack and pinion so that it is activated to be able to lift the hand and disengages with the help of spring tension and push lock. Besides that, I explained the primary role of the sensor is sending the signal to the control circuit then the vehicle is in resting mode. After detecting whether the ignition is ON or OFF as confirmed by the sensors, the control unit releases the brake. Identified Issues and Their Solutions We faced a slight issue with the working of the springs that are attached at the ends of the components and interlinked with the hand brake lever at center. Apart from that, there were certain initial difficulties in determining the power supply method. However, we successfully overcame the difficulties by carrying out extensive research and investigation as well as approaching and taking suggestions from our project guide. I ultimately actuated the hand brake using rank, pinion and the sensors based on certain conditions. I implemented the sensor in the proper way so that it signals the circuit board to directly drive the motor. Plan for Producing Creative and Innovative Work I conducted extensive research and study to successfully apply a solution, which is less time consuming, cheap, uses simple mechanism as well as ensures easy braking system. I proposed to use full wave rectifier circuit for supply current only in one direction. For that, we used a capacitor of 1000 F and 6.3 Volt supply in switch control board. Apart from that, we decided to use DP-DC switches for rotating the motors in clockwise and anti clock wise directions. In the model 4 no. of D.C motors of 60 rpm each is employed in all the four wheels. Parallel connection of motors in a single axle is made so that movement in all four directions can be smooth. Collaborative Work I successfully collaborated and coordinated with my fellow team members to achieve the objectives of the project. I utilized my strong communication and interpersonal skills to carry out the individual activities in an efficient and timely manner. Furthermore, I maintained a consistent approach in updating our project guide about the status and progress of our project work. Project Review Project Overview As the ignition start, the front wheels start rotating with the help of rotating motor attached with the rotating shaft. The wheels move in both directions clockwise as well as in anti -clock wise direction. A power supply is attached with motor to provide continuous electricity to motor. As ignition stops, within one or half second the brake will be applied automatically with the help of braking motor attached with the brake. The application of brake is so quick due to which this mechanical system is so efficient. Power supply is provided by the transformer, when excess amount of energy is delivered then the capacitor is used to store the extra amount of energy. The typical layout of the model is shown in the figure: Figure 2: Primary Design of the Model Conducting the Project to Meet its Requirement As an active team member of the project, I contributed my mechanical engineering knowledge and skills to achieve a working solution to the car braking problem by designing an Automatic Smart hand brake system that is simple to operate, less time consuming, cheap as well as adequately reliable. Furthermore, it significantly simplifies the process of braking at a minimum distance very easily. My Contribution to Work I determined to use two separate motors to operate the brake automatically. I ensured that the power for central motor is supplied from battery of the car. I explained that the smart parking system will be implemented with four wheel drive system. I ensured that our experiment be a successful one in terms of providing a reliable, efficient solution that it can be easily operated in less time. In addition, I ensured that our main motivation of making the system was to make the driver feel less stress in using this system by means of designing the braking that was automatically done.